Blood Chemistry

Basophils %

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that alerts the body to infection by secreting immune substances that influence inflammation and coagulation. In tissues they are referred to as mast cells. These specialised immune cells play an important role in inflammation and prevention of clotting in inflamed tissues. Levels may indicate inflammation, intestinal parasites, infection, endocrine dysfunction or hypothyroidism.

Blood Chemistry

Basophils No

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that alerts the body to infection by secreting immune substances that influence inflammation and coagulation. In tissues they are referred to as mast cells. These specialised immune cells play an important role in inflammation and prevention of clotting in inflamed tissues. Levels may indicate inflammation, intestinal parasites, infection, endocrine dysfunction, or hypothyroidism.

Blood Chemistry

Eosinophils %

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that secretes important immune substances that influence the inflammatory response. These specialised immune cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions and in host defense against parasitic infection. Levels may indicate intestinal parasites, food/environmental allergies or sensitivities, chronic stress or atopic conditions.

Blood Chemistry

Eosinophils No

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that secretes important immune substances that influence the inflammatory response. These specialised immune cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions and in host defense against parasitic infection. Levels may indicate intestinal parasites, food/environmental allergies or sensitivities, chronic stress or atopic conditions.

Blood Chemistry

Haematocrit

A measure of the percentage of blood volume that consists of red blood cells in a given percentage of centrifuged red blood. Levels may indicate dehydration, malabsorption, asthma, adrenal dysfunction, blood loss, gastric inflammation, thymus hypofunction, liver disease, hypothyroidism, or nutrient deficiencies or anaemia from iron, B12, Folate, B6, and need for Vitamin C.

Blood Chemistry

Haemoglobin

An iron-containing metalloprotein that transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Levels may indicate anaemia from Iron, Copper, B6, Folate, dehydration, poor oxygen deliverability, adrenal dysfunction, blood loss, gastric inflammation, intestinal parasites, malabsorption.

Blood Chemistry

Lymphocytes %

A group of specialised immune cells consisting of B cells, T cells and NK cells that work together to defend the body against pathogens and cancer cells. Levels may indicate acute or chronic viral or bacterial infection, inflammation, toxicity, oxidative stress, anaemia, hypothyroidism, asthma or chronic stress.

Blood Chemistry

Lymphocytes No

A group of specialised immune cells consisting of B cells, T cells and NK cells that work together to defend the body against pathogens and cancer cells. Levels may indicate acute or chronic viral or bacterial infection, inflammation, toxicity, oxidative stress, anaemia, hypothyroidism, asthma or chronic stress.

Blood Chemistry

MCH – Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

MCH is a measure of the average weight of haemoglobin per red blood cell. Levels may indicate hypochlorhydria, heavy metals, blood loss, anaemia, nutrient deficiencies or alcohol consumption, need for B12, Folate, B6, Iron, Vitamin C.

Blood Chemistry

MCHC – Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration

MCHC is a measure of the average concentration of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Levels may indicate hypochlorhydria, heavy metals, blood loss, anaemia, nutrient deficiencies or alcohol consumption. Need for B12, Folate, B6, Iron.

Blood Chemistry

MCV – Mean Corpuscular Volume

Mean Corpuscular Volume is an estimate of the average size (volume) of red blood cells. Levels may indicate hypochlorhydria, heavy metals, blood loss, anaemia, nutrient deficiencies or alcohol consumption. Need for B12, Folate, B6, Iron, Vitamin C.

Blood Chemistry

Monocytes %

Phagocytic cells that are part of the body’s second line of defense against infection. These are the precursor to macrophages. These specialised cells travel to the site of infection to destroy cancer cells, pathogens and remove dead cells or damaged tissue. Levels may indicate the late stages of an infection, intestinal parasites, liver dysfunction or BPH.

Blood Chemistry

Monocytes No

Phagocytic cells that are part of the body’s second line of defense against infection. These are the precursor to macrophages. These specialised cells travel to the site of infection to destroy cancer cells, pathogens and remove dead cells or damaged tissue. Levels may indicate the late stages of an infection, intestinal parasites, liver dysfunction or BPH.

Blood Chemistry

MPV (Mean Platelet Volume)

A measure of the average size of platelets in the blood. Levels may indicate increased platelet production, vascular disease, certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, aplastic anaemia or cytotoxic drug therapy.

Blood Chemistry

Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratio

Used to identify viral and bacterial infection. Also used to identify inflammatory processes and metabolic dysfunctions occurring in the body. 

Blood Chemistry

Neutrophils %

The most abundant white blood cell in the body responsible for neutralising pathogens via phagocytosis and unlike other granulocytes, can travel through tight junctions that line blood vessel walls to enter tissues. Levels may indicate acute or chronic viral or bacterial infections, intestinal parasites, chronic stress or inflammation.

Blood Chemistry

Neutrophils No

The most abundant white blood cell in the body responsible for neutralising pathogens via phagocytosis and unlike other granulocytes, can travel through tight junctions that line blood vessel walls to enter tissues. Levels may indicate acute or chronic viral or bacterial infections, intestinal parasites, chronic stress or inflammation.

Blood Chemistry

Platelets

Small, anucleated cell fragments involved in clotting, vascular integrity and vasoconstriction. Levels may indicate atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, heavy metals, infection, several types of anaemia, blood loss or certain cancers.

Blood Chemistry

RBC’s

A measure of the amount of RBC’s within the blood. RBC’s carry oxygen from the lungs to bodily tissues and transfer carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Levels may indicate nutrient deficiencies including Vitamins C, B12 and folate, anaemia ie B12, iron, Folate, Copper, dehydration and stress.

Blood Chemistry

RDW

Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is a measure of the amount of variation in the size of red blood cells. Levels may indicate malabsorption, nutrient deficiencies including Iron, B12 and folate, anaemia, intestinal bleeding, inflammation.

Blood Chemistry

WBC’s

A measure of total white blood cells in the blood. White blood cells are specialised cells of the immune system that fight infection and defend against pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. They also produce antibodies and memory cells to create immunity against future infection. Levels can indicate chronic viral or bacterial infection. Pancreatic insufficiency, stress.

Electrolytes

Bicarbonate

An estimation of acid-base balance in the blood. Bicarbonate helps to maintain electrical neutrality and plays an important role in transporting CO2 to the lungs and kidneys for excretion. Levels may indicate hypochlorhydria, digestive dysfunction, poor diet, metabolic alkalosis or acidosis, respiratory alkalosis or acidosis or Thiamine deficiency.

Electrolytes

Chloride

A negatively charged (anion) electrolyte located in extracellular fluid that is needed for stomach acid production, maintaining electrical neutrality and pH balance. Along with sodium, chloride helps to regulate normal levels of water in the body. Levels may indicate metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, adrenal hyperfunction / stress or hypochlorhydria.

Electrolytes

Potassium

The main cation electrolyte is located primarily in the intra-cellular fluid with only a small amount found in the plasma, though the relationship is proportionate. Potassium is involved in muscle contraction, nerve conduction, osmotic pressure, pH balance and cellular transport via the sodium-potassium pump. Levels may indicate cellular damage, adrenal dysfunction, tissue destruction acid base balance, insulin dysregulation, dehydration, kidney dysfunction or dehydration.

Electrolytes

Sodium

A positively charged (cation) electrolyte located primarily in the extracellular fluid necessary for muscle contraction, nutrient absorption, neurological functioning and maintaining pH balance and osmotic pressure. Levels may indicate adrenal dysfunction, kidney dysfunction or dehydration.

Electrolytes

Sodium Potassium Ratio

A measure of the ratio of sodium to potassium in the blood. Levels may indicate excessive sodium intake, poor diet, hypertension or cardiovascular disease, chronic or acute stress levels

Enzymes

Amylase

A digestive enzyme produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas that helps the body to digest and absorb carbohydrates. Levels may indicate pancreatic insufficiency, digestive dysfunction, pancreatitis.

Enzymes

Lipase

A digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas that helps the body to digest and absorb fats. Levels may indicate pancreatitis, pancreatic sufficiency, gallbladder dysfunction, kidney disease or peptic ulcers.

Hormones

Cortisol Serum am

Known as ‘the stress hormone’ this steroid hormone plays an essential role in helping the body respond to stress, and regulates a wide range of body processes, including metabolism and immune response. This test helps identify degrees of stress levels, diagnose adrenal glands dysfunction, and disorders such as underactive, or damaged adrenal glands due to insufficient or excessive cortisol production.

Hormones

DHEA-sulphate

The hormone Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an important precursor to hormones such as the sex hormones progesterone, testosterone and the oestrogens. It is produced predominantly in the adrenal glands and is involved in the Fight or Flight stress response to resume a calm state after perceived danger/stress has passed. As the most abundant circulating steroid in the body, it has an influence on over 150 known repair functions in both the body and brain. Increased or decreased levels may…

Hormones

Dihydrotestosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a male sex hormone (androgen). Androgens are endogenous steroid hormones consisting of DHEA, Androstenedione, Testosterone and DHT. DHT is the most potent hormone amongst the androgens because it is not converted to estrogen, it is considered to be a pure androgen. It is created from testosterone via the action of the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase and is produced in the prostate gland, adrenal glands, liver, brain, and hair follicles. Its action is related to the…

Hormones

Estradiol E2

Synthesised from cholesterol, this steroid hormone is produced in the ovaries of premenopausal women, where it acts as a powerful reproductive hormone and is highest during ovulation and lowest during menstruation. As the main hormone of the three naturally produced oestrogens, it is also produced in the testes of men, but in smaller amounts. In both sexes, oestradiol is made in significantly reduced amounts by the brain, fat tissue, and in the walls of the blood vessels.

Hormones

FSH

Controlled by hormones produced in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and ovaries or testes. FSH regulates various hormonal functions in men and women, where insufficient levels in either sex can give rise to infertility. It also controls oestrogen secretion, where it rises during the first half of the menstrual cycle, and decreases after ovulation. This test helps to identify irregular menstrual periods, as well as women who are struggling to get pregnant, going through menopause, or have…

Hormones

Human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone (hCG)

Hormones

IGF-1

Similar in structure to insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 plays a prominent role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, and an essential role in regulating endocrine growth and development. It works together with the growth hormone (GH) and stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1 which reproduces, and regenerates cells and promotes growth and development. Another important function is to strengthen tissues, thereby improving bone density and building muscle, and promoting healing.

Hormones

LH

Luteinizing hormone – is one of the main hormones that plays a major role in controlling the reproductive system in both men and women. In men, LH signals the testes to produce testosterone, which in turn, stimulates sperm production. In women, LH performs different roles at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Initially to produce the female sex hormone estradiol. Latterly LH stimulates the production of progesterone, which is required to support the early stages of pregnancy, if…

Hormones

Parathyroid hormone

Released from the parathyroid glands, this hormone works with the hormone ‘calcitonin’, to help control calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, and lower calcium levels when they get too high. It plays a crucial role in the breakdown and formation of bone.

Hormones

Progesterone

Progesterone is a steroid hormone released in the ovary. In women, it plays important roles in regulating the menstrual cycle and reproduction, by helping to prepare the body for pregnancy, and maintain the early stages of pregnancy. In men, progesterone is involved in the development of sperm, and is produced at a much lower level than in women. It can help diagnose a failing pregnancy, determine the cause of infertility, or diagnose the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, as well as adrenal…

Hormones

Prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, and plays a key role in fertility, reproduction, and the stimulation of breast milk production. It is also involved in regulating the immune system, suppressing the stress response, creating and activating new neurons, and stimulating motherly (maternal) behaviour. Men and non-pregnant women generally have low levels of prolactin. In women, prolactin tests help diagnose the causes of absent or irregular menstruation, spontaneous or…

Hormones

Sex Hormone Binding globulin

This protein is produced by the liver, controlled by sex hormones, thyroid hormones, insulin, and dietary factors and binds to sex hormones – testosterone, DHT (dihydrotestosterone), and oestrogen (estradiol). It helps transport them in the blood. SHBG levels, which change with age, vary between men and women, and can help control the levels of androgens and oestrogens in the body. It can help to determine testosterone levels in the blood, since around 40-60% of total testosterone is bound to…

Hormones

Testosterone Total

This test measures the amount of both testosterones bound to proteins (sex hormone-binding globulin and albumin) and free (not bound to any proteins) testosterone in the blood. Testosterone is a hormone mainly produced by the testes in men, or ovaries in women. Testosterone’s diverse range of effects on many different organs and tissues includes bone health building and maintaining muscle mass and strength; increasing lean body mass and fat loss; increasing red blood cell production; …

Immunology

H.Pylori IgG Antibodies

A measure of antibodies (infection fighting cells) to H Pylori bacteria. Levels may indicate exposure to H Pylori infection

Immunology

Immunoglobulins

IgG, IgM and IgE are all B cell secreted antibodies measured in this panel. They are part of the gamma portion of the blood protein globulins and determine the different immune responses depending on the antibody. They are produced in response to pathogens and act as a marking or identifying line of defense. IgE binds to allergens and produces response to allergic signals indicating histamine and mast cell degradation and is involved in parasitic infections like helminths. IgM is responsible…

Inflammation

CRP

A measure of a liver produced protein that increases with inflammation. It may also increase following infection, a heart attack, surgery or trauma. Levels may indicate acute inflammation, and diets with too much fat or high GI carbohydrates.

Inflammation

ESR

The rate of sedimentation of red blood cells in anti-coagulated blood in one hour. Levels may indicate tissue destruction, inflammation, and may indicate in certain cases presence of pathogens.

Inflammation

Fatty Acid Report

A measure of the ratio of fatty acids in the blood. This test and report are a measurement and report on the levels of omega 3, 6, 5, 7 and 9 fatty acids as well as saturated and trans along with ratios and indexes. Levels may indicate deficiencies, needs and excess, assessment for dietary malabsorption, as well as indicating inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk.

Inflammation

Fibrinogen

A soluble liver produced protein that is broken down to produce fibrin which is necessary for clot formation. Levels may indicate hypercoagulation, inflammation, trauma, infections, cancer, cardiovascular disease or increased risk of stroke and liver function.

Inflammation

Homocysteine

An amino acid produced through methionine metabolism. This methylation process involves Vitamins B6, B12 and folate as well as zinc and co-factors including magnesium and tri methyl glycine all required in the recycling of methionine to homocysteine and back again. Levels may indicate needs in these nutrients, oxidative stress or metabolic syndrome, risks of Alzheimer’s, CVD risks. Depression, dementia, Parkinson’s, oxidative stress, poor detoxification, IBD.

Inflammation

HsCRP

A highly sensitive measure of CRP, a protein in the blood that increases with inflammation.

Iron

Ferritin

A measure of the amount of iron stored in the body. The most sensitive test to assess iron deficiency. Levels may indicate haemochromatosis, excess iron intake, inflammation, oxidative stress, liver dysfunction, excessive blood loss or iron deficiency anaemia.

Iron

Iron

A measure of iron bound to transferrin and serum proteins. It represents 1/3 of the total iron binding capacity of transferrin. 70% of iron is bound to haemoglobin. On its own, it is a relatively poor marker of iron status. Levels may indicate haemochromatosis, haemolytic anaemia, liver damage, hypochlorhydria, Vit B6 deficiency, poor iron intake or absorption, blood loss, chronic disease, pathogen infection, progesterone birth control pills.

Iron

Total Iron Binding Capacity

An estimation of the iron-binding capacity of transferrin. Levels may indicate iron deficiency anaemia, internal blood loss, haemochromatosis, protein malnutrition or malabsorption, pregnancy, chronic infection or liver dysfunction.

Iron

Transferrin

A measure of the protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it through the body. Levels may indicate iron deficiency anaemia, infection, protein malnutrition or malabsorption. Produced in the liver levels can indicate iron capacity, inflammation as well as liver function.

Iron

Transferrin Saturation %

A measure of how much serum iron is bound to transferrin. Levels may indicate haemochromatosis, nutrient deficiency anaemias, tissue inflammation, protein malnutrition or malabsorption.

Iron

UIBC

A measure of the portion of iron binding sites on transferrin that are not occupied by iron. UIBC is often measured along with iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) to determine various iron disorders. Levels may indicate haemochromatosis, poor iron intake, blood loss or pregnancy, hypochlorhydria, cobalamin deficiency.

Kidney Function

Creatinine

A byproduct generated from normal muscle metabolism through the action of creatine kinase on creatine the muscle fuel. It is filtered through the kidneys for excretion in the urine. Levels may indicate kidney dysfunction, dehydration, excessive muscle breakdown, increased muscle mass, prostate dysfunction, hyperthyroidism and potential methylation issues.

Kidney Function

eGFR

A calculated estimate of kidney glomerular filtration rate function. Subject to age gender, race and creatinine levels in the blood. Levels may indicate kidney dysfunction.

Kidney Function

Urea

A waste product generated in the liver due to the breakdown of dietary protein; it is filtered through the kidneys for excretion in the urine. Levels may indicate dehydration, malabsorption, pancreatic insufficiency, hypochlorhydria, kidney dysfunction, high protein intake, fatty liver, catabolic stress (adrenal), inadequate protein intake or protein malabsorption, liver disease, also consider increased need to excrete ammonia and consider pathogens.

Kidney Function

Urea / Creatinine Ratio

A measure of the ratio between BUN and Creatinine levels in the blood and is used to assess renal function.

Lipids

Apo B : Apo A1 ratio

Used a coronary biomarker. Levels are used to assess risks and trends to coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, CVD, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

Lipids

Apolipoprotein A1

Apo A is a constituent of HDL and assists in the binding of cholesterol and fats transport from blood vessels and cells preventing plaque formation. It has a role in cognitive function, in the immune system as an agent against pathogens and detoxifies bacterial toxins. Used as a predictor for CVD and inflammation.

Lipids

Apolipoprotein B

Apolipoprotein B is the backbone of LDL, and is part of the delivery system to deliver cholesterol from the liver. A main contributor to atherosclerosis and heart disease. Linked to immune function and is a measure of CVD risk. Levels are linked with obesity, hypothyroidism, insulin resistance and diabetes. Risk factors also include Alzheimer’s, cognitive function, heart disease and possibly cancer.

Lipids

Cholesterol Total

A steroid found in all cells and plasma. Cholesterol is an essential lipid that is obtained through diet and produced in the liver. It is essential for life but can be harmful if levels are too high. It helps to form cell membranes and is used in the production of hormones, vitamin D and bile salts. Levels may indicate oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, blood glucose dysregulation, poor thyroid function, magnesium deficiency, dehydration, liver or kidney dysfunction or familial…

Lipids

Cholesterol/HDL Ratio

A better marker to assess CVD risk than cholesterol in its own.

Lipids

HDL cholesterol

A measure of a type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver to be excreted in bile; HDL transports cholesterol to the adrenals, ovaries and testes where it is converted into steroid hormones. HDL is considered beneficial. Levels may indicate cardiovascular disease., autoimmune processes, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver etc.

Lipids

LDL / HDL ratio

A CVD risk assessment marker. 

Lipids

LDL Cholesterol

A measure of a type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the liver to various tissues in the body. Elevated levels can cause fatty deposits to accumulate in the arteries increasing the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Levels are measured to assess risks of the aforementioned as well as metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and fatty liver.

Lipids

Lipoprotein (a)

Made in the liver comprising of both LDL and Apolipoprotein A. levels, is used to assess, and associated with hypothyroidism, low sex hormone, inflammation and tissue damage, autoimmunity PCOS and kidney and heart disease

Lipids

Lp PLA2 (PLAC)

Measures the amount of lipoprotein associated phospholipase in the blood. Primarily associated with LDL which carried the Lp-PLA2 to the coronary artery walls activating an immune response making plaque. Levels are associated with increased risk of heart attack and stroke and is an excellent coronary marker

Lipids

Non-HDL Cholesterol

Used as a CVD risk assessor. This measure the level of cholesterol that is not carried HDL. Levels can indicate an increased CBD risk, oxidative stress , fatty liver, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, poor dietary regimes.

Lipids

Triglycerides

A type of lipid primarily obtained through diet and from the conversion of excess dietary calories into fat for storage. Levels may indicate excess CHO intake and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, biliary and liver dysfunction, autoimmune processes, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, poor fat processing, hypo and hyper-thryoidism.

Lipids

Triglycerides / HDL ratio

Used in identifying trends to insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes and risks of CVD.

Lipids

VLDL

A measure of a type of lipoprotein VLDL-C that is produced in the liver and carries triglycerides and cholesterol throughout the body. Elevated levels can cause fatty deposits to accumulate in the arteries increasing the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

Liver & Gallbladder

ALP

A zinc dependent enzyme, the major function of Alkaline Phosphatase, is to protect your intestinal tract against bacteria, aid in digestion, breakdown fats and some B vitamins, and promote bone formation. As its name suggests it depends on an alkaline environment and is found in all tissues in the human body, but mostly in bones, kidneys, liver, intestines, and placenta. Levels are used to assess zinc need, liver function, Vitamin C need or biliary obstruction as well as bone turnover.

Liver & Gallbladder

ALT

An enzyme found primarily in the liver, with small amounts in the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Levels may indicate liver disease, biliary issues, pancreatitis or alcoholism, fatty liver, need for B6.

Liver & Gallbladder

AST

An intracellular enzyme found primarily in the liver and heart and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, kidneys and lungs. It is released into the bloodstream due to cellular or tissue damage. Levels may indicate cardiovascular disease, liver disease, alcoholism, hypothyroidism, viral infection with EBV or CMV, muscle injury or acute pancreatitis, need for B6.

Liver & Gallbladder

AST:ALT Ratio

Assess liver function and progression of liver disease. Levels are used to assess Vitamin B6 sufficiency, liver dysfunction, muscle damage biliary obstruction, alcoholic liver disease, also consider hepatitis, insulin resistance, NAFLD.

Liver & Gallbladder

Bilirubin Direct

A measure of bilirubin that has been conjugated ie. made water soluble in the liver so it can be excreted in the bile. Levels may indicate liver dysfunction or biliary tract obstruction.

Liver & Gallbladder

Bilirubin indirect

A measure of the protein (albumin) bound bilirubin that circulates in the blood on its way to the liver, from the breakdown of red blood cells Levels may indicate increased red blood cell destruction. (haemolysis) and Gilbert’s Syndrome.

Liver & Gallbladder

Bilirubin Total

A marker comprising the total of direct (conjugated) and indirect bilirubin. Formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin from red blood cells at the spleen and bone marrow. May be elevated due to excess red blood cell destruction, liver dysfunction, oxidative stress bile duct obstruction, Gilbert’s Syndrome or zinc deficiency, oxidative stress, heavy metal load.

Liver & Gallbladder

Gamma GT / GGT

An enzyme mainly found in the liver. Some production from kidney, prostate and pancreas, Levels may indicate liver or biliary obstruction, alcohol excessive use, Pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, need for Vitamin B6 and magnesium

Liver & Gallbladder

LDH

LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) Measures the level of enzyme. LDH plays a part in energy (carbohydrate) production referring to the reversible lactate to pyruvate pathway. Levels can relate to issues with the 5 main tissues it is found in (see LDH Isoenzymes) and glycemic management,

Metabolic

Anion Gap

Represents the difference between the electrolyte cations (positive) and the anions (negative). Used for identifying needs for vitamin B1 and acid base states, indicates trends to metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Metabolic

Creatine Kinase

Groups of enzymes that play a large role in energy production and found in tissues that use lots of energy i.e. heart, skeletal muscle and the brain. Levels are used to assess damage from the heart (MI), skeletal muscle damage and breakdown, brain damage, and muscle atrophy

Metabolic

Uric Acid

Produced as the end product of purine breakdown. It is predominantly excreted via the kidneys Failure to excrete or overproduction can be implicated in kidney stones and gout. Used in assessing risks of gout atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, arthritis, kidney function, intestinal permeability, methylation function, detoxification issues.

Minerals & Metals

Aluminium Serum

The most abundant metal and in the earth’s crust. Widely used in manufacturing, health and beauty products including antiperspirants, and lipsticks as well as edible cake decorations and more. Exposure is common and excess is detrimental to health and wellbeing and long term exposure and overload to excretory processes can lead to increased levels and elevated risks of toxicity as well as increasing cognitive risks including Alzheimer’s and Dementia as well as associations with anaemia,…

Minerals & Metals

Calcium

45% of calcium is inactive and bound to albumin, of the rest 45% is free and active. The calcium test measures total calcium. Calcium an alkali earth metal is essential for muscle contraction, oocyte activations, bone and dental health, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, heartbeat regulation and intracellular fluid balance. Levels are used to assess calcium sufficiency, parathyroid function, hydrochloric acid, tissue cell damage, thyroid function, vitamin D sufficiency, Osteoporosis,…

Minerals & Metals

Calcium : Albumin ratio

Used to assess Vitamin D sufficiency, protein deficiency or loss, calcium insufficiency.

Minerals & Metals

Calcium : Phosphorous ratio

A determinant in the assessment of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Can be used to identify trends to sympathetic or parasympathetic states.

Minerals & Metals

Copper Serum

Used as a marker to identify skin health, mental health, toxicity esp. estrogen and clearance of, heart disease risk, diabetes bone loss and immune function. Used to assess copper sufficiency, inflammation and presence of inflammatory diseases, Levels used to assess needs for copper, zinc, anaemia, immune function, inflammatory conditions, PMS, pathogen infection, adrenal insufficiency.

Minerals & Metals

Magnesium Red cell

A more accurate measure of magnesium can be obtained via red blood cells which contain 2 – 3x more Mg than serum. Mg is a mineral necessary for energy production, muscle contraction, nerve function, maintenance of strong bones, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and over 300 enzymatic processes in the body. It is obtained through diet and is absorbed in the small intestine and colon. Levels may indicate deficiency due to malabsorption or gastrointestinal disorders.

Minerals & Metals

Magnesium Serum

A measure of magnesium in the blood. Mg is a mineral necessary for energy production, muscle contraction, nerve function, maintenance of strong bones, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and over 300 enzymatic processes in the body. It is obtained through the diet and is absorbed in the small intestine and colon. Levels may indicate a deficiency due to malabsorption or digestive disorders.

Minerals & Metals

Phosphorus

A measure of inorganic phosphate in the blood. Phosphates combine with calcium to form bones and teeth, are required for nerve and muscle function, energy production and maintaining the body’s pH balance. Levels may indicate vit D toxicity or deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, kidney dysfunction. elevated insulin, high CHO intake, diarrhoea, poor protein digestion or malabsorption.

Minerals & Metals

Red Blood Cell Zinc

Zinc is not stored in the body and dietary intake is essential. Zinc is involved in over 300 enzyme functions. Including the metabolism and function of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. As well involved in immune function, skin health and healing and senses of taste and smell amongst many. Levels are used to assess zinc status at Red Blood Cell level, hydrochloric acid production, male fertility, inflammation, copper status amongst many.

Minerals & Metals

Selenium Serum

An essential micronutrient. As soils become depleted dietary intake has fallen, and the need to assess increases. Essential for thyroid T4 to T3 conversion, protects LDL from oxidation. Levels used to assess immune function, inflammation, heart disease risk and reproduction capacity esp. male fertility, Protective effect against some cancers.

Minerals & Metals

Zinc Serum

Zinc is not stored in the body and dietary intake is essential. Zinc is involved in over 300 enzyme functions. Including the metabolism and function of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. As well involved in immune function, skin health and healing and senses of taste and smell amongst many. Levels are used to assess zinc status at a serum level, hydrochloric acid production, male fertility, inflammation, copper status amongst many.

Proteins

Albumin

The most abundant plasma protein in serum produced by the liver. It contributes to plasma osmotic gradient, transports nutrients, hormones and other substances in the blood and is needed for tissue maintenance and repair. Levels may indicate dehydration, hydrochloric acid insufficiency, oxidative stress, free radical activity, Vitamin C need, infection, inflammation, liver, or kidney disease.

Proteins

Albumin/Globulin Ratio

A measure of the ratio of albumin to globulin in the blood. Levels may indicate dehydration, liver or kidney dysfunction, hypothyroidism, adrenal dysfunction, or immune activation, can also be considered in assessing a hyper coagulative state “sticky blood”. 

Proteins

Ceruloplasmin

Copper transport protein binds 95% of circulating copper. Interacts with 120 other proteins. Is an acute phase protein and responds to inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Used to assess copper sufficiency, inflammation needs for copper, zinc, anaemia, toxicity, and immune function. Is also used as an Alzheimer’s risk marker, Parkinson’s, Iron status, obesity, and liver damage.

Proteins

Globulin

A plasma protein with different subtypes produced by the liver and immune system. Some transport nutrients and some, called Immunoglobulins, help to fight infection. Levels may indicate digestive inflammation, immune insufficiency, Gastritis, Cancer, liver damage, heavy metals, chemical toxicity, immune activation including parasites, elevated oestrogen, Haemolytic Anaemia.

Proteins

Total Protein

The sum of total proteins, ie. comprised of albumin and globulin totals in the blood. Levels may indicate dehydration, malnutrition, amino acid need, inflammatory conditions, hypochlorhydria, kidney or liver disease.

Sugars

ALT:AST ratio

To assist in the evaluation of trends to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Levels are used to indicate ageing, metabolic health, insulin resistance, NAFLD metabolic syndrome CVD risk and trends.

Sugars

C Peptide

A byproduct of proinsulin production by the pancreas. Proinsulin splits into Insulin and C-Peptide. Unlike Insulin which is cleared in a variable manner c-peptide is cleared at a constant rate making it a more dependable measure of Insulin production. Levels indicate how much Insulin is being produced and indicates blood sugar dysregulation including Type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Sugars

Fructosamine

A measure of glycated protein formed between glucose and albumin and is a marker for glucose control over the past 2 to 3 weeks. Levels may indicate blood sugar dysregulation.

Sugars

Glucose

The main energy source of the body. Controlled by hormones including Insulin and Glucagon. Poorly controlled levels are associated with Diabetes, insulin resistance. Inflammatory processes including Metabolic Syndrome and Hypoglycaemia.

Sugars

HBA1C

Haemoglobin A1C measures the amount of glucose that combines with Haemoglobin (glycosylation) over the life of the red blood cells i.e. approximately 90 days. Levels therefore can identify long term glucose management and control as well as Hypoglycaemia. Unlike a fasting glucose test this marker does require fasting.

Sugars

Insulin (fasting)

A fasting insulin test identifies the level of insulin after an 8 to 12 hour fast. Insulin is a pancreatic hormone released to manage the process of glucose being transported into the cells for energy production purposes. Levels are associated with Insulin resistance, Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, inflammation, Obesity, lipid management and risks of CVD.

Thyroid

Free t3

The portion of triiodothyronine (T3) that is not bound and represents approximately 10% of circulating T3 in the blood. T3 is converted from T4 and the majority occurs in the liver and kidneys. The conversion process is dependent on Selenium and bile levels. Levels can be used to assess Hypo and hyper thyroid status, T4 to T4 conversion efficacy, Selenium sufficiency, and Iodine sufficiency.

Thyroid

Free t4

Less than 0.05% of Total Thyroxine (T4) is free or unbound. The hormone is made in the thyroid gland and is the precursor to T3. Production of T4 is dependent on levels of iodine, co factors like B6, Biopterin, Copper, Zinc, Vitamins B2, B3 and A. Considered by mainstream when combined with TSH to be the gold standard for assessing thyroid function., Levels are assessed to identify thyroid status (hypo and hyper), Iodine sufficiency as well as protein status and liver function.

Thyroid

Reverse T3

Considered to be the metabolic brake to counteract the effects of the metabolic accelerator that is T3. Levels are used to identify possible diabetes, effects of fasting, heavy metals, inflammatory, pathogen effects, inflammatory cytokines like IL6 and TN-Alpha, also an indicator of stress.

Thyroid

rT3 on own

Considered to be the metabolic brake to counteract the effects of the metabolic accelerator that is T3. Levels are used to identify possible diabetes, effects of fasting, heavy metals, inflammatory, pathogen effects, inflammatory cytokines like IL6 and TN-Alpha, also an indicator of stress.

Thyroid

Thyroglobulin Abs

Also known as TG Abs. Used to determine if there is a thyroid autoimmune dysfunction ie Hashimoto’s (Hypo) or Graves (hyper) where the thyroglobulin in the thyroid is attacked.

Thyroid

Thyroid peroxidase antibody

Also known as TPO. TPO is a thyroid gland produced enzyme that attaches the Iodine molecule to tyrosine to make T4. Levels are used to determine an autoimmune thyroid condition – Hashimoto’s.

Thyroid

Total T3

Represents the total of free and bound T3 in the blood, represents approximately 90% of T3. A small percentage is made directly in the thyroid gland and rest predominantly made in the liver and kidney by the conversion of T4 to T3. Levels are used to determine T4 conversion syndrome, Euthyroid sick syndrome, Selenium and Iodine sufficiency and Hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid

Total T4

Major thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and subject to appropriate levels of Biopterin, Vitamins B6, B2, A, B3 and C as well as sufficient Copper and Zinc. Total T4 represents over 99.5% of the total thyroid hormone available. Levels can help determine, thyroid status (hypo or hyper), Iodine sufficiency,

Thyroid

TSH

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and levels are based on a negative feedback loop to signal to the thyroid gland whether to release more Thyroxine or stop releasing. Conventionally along with free T4 the combination is considered the gold standard for assessing thyroid status. Levels are also affected by heavy metal burdens including Aluminium.

Vitamins

Active B12

Also known as holotranscobalamin also see Vitamin B12. Active B12 accounts for approximately 10 to 20% of total B12 levels. Considered to be a more sensitive marker than serum B12 as it degrades faster than serum B12 with a short life span making it a more sensitive indicator or B12 deficiency.

Vitamins

Folate Red Cell

See Folate. Red cell folate is considered to be a measure for intracellular sufficiency.

Vitamins

Folate Serum

A measure of the total amount of folate in the serum. Folate is needed to make red and white blood cells in the bone marrow, convert carbohydrates into energy, and produce DNA and RNA. Adequate intake is extremely important during periods of rapid growth such as pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence. Levels may indicate dietary insufficiency, malabsorption or anaemia, methylation status, anaemia. Consider links to biopterin pathways and links to neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin etc.

Vitamins

Vitamin B12

A measure of the total amount of B12 in the serum. B12 is essential in methylation, important for the nervous system and for red blood cell production. Levels may indicate low dietary intake, malabsorption, Hypochlorhydria, autoimmunity, Anaemia or excessive alcohol intake

Vitamins

Vitamin C

A measure of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) in the serum. Vitamin C is obtained through diet and helps to maintain connective tissue, skin and bones. It is also a powerful antioxidant. Levels may indicate deficiency.

Vitamins

Vitamin D3 (25 OH)

A measure of the level of 25 (OH) D in the blood. Vitamin D is essential for bone health, brain health and immune function. Levels may indicate a deficiency due to inadequate exposure to sunlight, genetics, insufficient dietary intake, or toxicity due to excessive supplementation; and can be associated with risks of Cancer, Hypertension, chronic pain and inflammation, Diabetes and Depression.